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- History
- -------
-
- In the early church, there were a great many hermits.
- Men who lived a solitary life, praying to God.
-
- Some of these men began to group themselves together
- into communities of like minded men.
-
- In the early 6th century, St Benedict, from the
- monastery of Monte Casino in Italy, wrote his
- 'Little Rule for Beginners'. This laid out the
- 'rules' for living together in a 'monastic' life.
-
- His rule was gradually accepted in many other
- monasteries. Although these monasteries were
- Benedictine, that is the followed the Rule of
- St Benedict, they were also independent of one
- another.
-
- Larger monasteries, ruled by an abbot or abbess,
- came to be known as abbeys.
-
- Smaller ones came to be known as priories - their
- prior would be responsible to the abbot of the
- monastery that they had originally come from.
-
- According to the Rule, the daily life of a monk
- would be split into hours for prayer, hours
- for study and hours for work.
-
- In about the year 910, the monastery of Cluny
- was established in Burgandy. The Cluniacs followed
- the Rule, but developed more ceremonials and
- became known for their rich buildings. A great many
- Cluniac Priories were established in Europe (i.e.
- monasteries run by a prior, answerable to the
- mother house at Cluny).
-
- The Norman Conquest of England, saw a rapid
- increase in the number of monasteries and of
- new orders.
-
- e.g. The Cistercians.
-
- Founded in 1098, with the building of a monastery at
- Citeaux in Burgundy.
-
- They believed in the simple life - their habits were
- made of undyed wool (this is why they came to be
- known as the WHITE MONKS) - they built
- monasteries in remote places, far from towns -
- only one room in the monastery was to have a fire -
- monks were to sleep on bare boards and work daily
- in the gardens - gifts of land were to be accepted
- and farmed by the 'lay brothers or lay monks'. These
- were monks who had a limited amount of education
- and only attended church for a limited amount of
- time. Their main task was to carry out manual jobs
- in the monastery.
-
- The Carthusians - founded in 1084 - they were
- even stricter than the Cistercians.
-
- The Augustinians - known as the Black Canons - they
- were priests who could work outside the
- cloister - they served in local parish churches,
- ran schools and hospitals and almshouses and were
- popular.
-
- The Gilbertines - an English order, containing
- mixed monasteries of men and women.
-
- THE DAILY TIMETABLE in an Abbey might look
- something like this :
-
- 1am : Vigils, Matins and Lauds in church.
- Return to bed using night stairs.
-
- 6am : Prime in church followed by High Mass.
-
- 7am : Reading in cloister, followed by a change
- from night shoes into day shoes in the dorter,
- followed by a wash in the cloister.
-
- 8am : Tierce in church followed by Mass.
-
- 9am : Meeting of monks in the Chapter House.
-
- 10am : Work.
-
- Noon : Sext in church.
-
- 1pm : Dinner in refectory.
-
- 2pm : Nones in church.
-
- 3pm : Study or work.
-
- 5pm : Vespers in church and day shoes changed for
- night shoes in the dorter.
-
- 5.30pm : Light supper in the refectory.
-
- 6pm : Compline in church.
-
- 6.30pm : Bed in dorter.
-
- IN THE ABBEY you might also find the following
- people :
-
- Abbot or Abbess.
-
- Cellarer.
-
- Kitchener.
-
- Prior or Prioress.
-
- Fraterer.
-
- Infirmarer.
-
- Almoner.
-
- Precentor.
-
- Novice master/mistress.
-
- Guest master/mistress.
-
- Sacristan.
-
- Monk or Nun.
-
- NOTE : this information comes from the following
- source - A Teacher's Guide to Using Abbeys,
- by Cynthia Cooksey. English Heritage. 1992.
- ISBN 1 85074 328 2.
-
- If I had to suggest any book for the classroom
- teacher, it would be this one.
-
- It contains some excellent material and suggestions
- for work both in the classroom and on a
- monastic site.
-